TNPSC Micro Topics

Economy Society Trade Irrigation Literacy Horse trade of that time has been recorded by Wassaff. He writes: “…as many as 10,000 horses were imported into Kayal and other ports of India of which 1,400 were to be of Jamaluddin’s own breed. The average cost of each horse was 220 dinars of ‘red gold’.”

State Palace and Couch Royal Officials Political Divisions Administration and Religion: Seventh to Ninth Centuries

Pandya Revival (600–920) Saivite saint Thirugnanasambandar converted Arikesari from Jainism to Saivism. Rise of Pandyas Again (1190–1310) Marco Polo, a Venetian (Italy) traveller who visited Pandya country lauded the king for fair administration and generous hospitality for foreign merchants. In his travel account, he also records the incidents of sati and the polygamy practiced by

PANDYAS Sources Seethalai Saththanar, the author of epic Manimekalai, hailed from Madurai. Territory

Trade Cholas as Patrons of Learning The End of Chola Rule Sambuvarayars : Sambuvarayars were chieftains in the North Arcot and Chengalpattu regions during the reign of Chola kings, Rajathiraja and Kulothunga III. Though they were feudatories, they were found fighting sometimes on the side of their overlords and occasionally against them also. From the

Society and its Structure Religion Builders of Temples Temple as a Social Institution Gangaikonda Chozhapuram Darasuram Temple Brihadishvarar Temple The Grand Temple of Thanjavur, known as Rajarajisvaram and Brihadishvarar Temple, stands as an outstanding example of Chola architecture, painting, sculpture and iconography. This temple greatly legitimised Rajaraja’s polity. The sanctum with a vimana of 190

Economy Agriculture Land Revenue and Survey Irrigation Water Management Paddy as tax was collected by a unit called kalam (28 kg). Rajaraja I standardised the collection of tax. He collected 100 kalam from the land of one veli (about 6.5 acres), the standard veli being variable according to fertility of the soil and the number

Chola Adminstration King Provinces Army Local Organisation Urar Sabhaiyaar Nagarattaar Nattar Local Elections and Uttaramerur Inscriptions : Two inscriptions (919 and 921) from a Brahmadeya (tax-free land gifted to Brahamans) called Uttaramerur (historically called Uttaramallur Caturvedimangalam) give details of the process of electing members to various committees that administered the affairs of a Brahmin settlement.

Empire Building

Introduction CHOLAS Origin of the Dynasty Sources Territory